Simulare preț opțiune, Prin urmare, dacă utilizați un număr foarte

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Since the underlying random process is the same, for enough price paths, the value of a european option here should be the same as under Black Scholes. More generally though, simulation is employed for path dependent exotic derivativessuch as Asian options.

This is largely because the BOPM is based on the description of an underlying instrument over a period of time rather than a single point. As a consequence, it is used to value American options that are exercisable at any time in a given interval as well as Bermudan options that are exercisable at specific instances of time.

In other cases, the source of uncertainty may be at a remove. For example, for bond options [3] the underlying is a bondbut the source of uncertainty is the annualized interest rate i. Here, for each randomly generated yield curve we observe a different resultant bond price on the option's exercise date; this bond price is then the input for the determination of the option's payoff.

The same approach is used in valuing swaptions[4] where the value of the underlying swap is also a function of the evolving interest rate.

Whereas these options are more commonly valued using lattice based modelsas above, for path dependent interest rate derivatives — such as CMOs — simulation is the primary technique employed.

Monte Carlo Methods allow for a compounding in the uncertainty.

In all such models, correlation between simulare preț opțiune underlying sources of risk is also incorporated; see Cholesky decomposition Monte Carlo simulation. Further complications, such as the impact of commodity prices or inflation on the underlying, can also be introduced. Since simulation can accommodate complex problems of this sort, it is often used in analysing real options [1] where management's decision at any point is a function of multiple underlying variables.

Simulation can similarly be used to value options where the payoff depends on the value of multiple underlying assets [8] such as a Basket option or Rainbow option.

Here, correlation between asset returns is likewise incorporated. Additionally, the stochastic process of the underlying s may be specified so as to exhibit jumps or mean reversion or both; this feature makes simulation the primary valuation method applicable to energy derivatives.

For example, in models incorporating stochastic volatilitythe volatility of the underlying changes with time; see Heston model. Bermudan or American options. It was first introduced by Jacques Carriere in The value is defined as the least squares regression against market price of the option value at that state and time -step.

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Option value for this regression is defined as the value of exercise possibilities dependent on market price plus the value of the timestep value which that exercise would result in defined in the previous step of the process.

This second step can be done with multiple price paths to add a stochastic effect to the procedure.

The technique is thus widely used in valuing path simulare preț opțiune structures like lookback- and Asian options [9] and in real options analysis. They are, in a sense, a method of last resort; [9] see further under Monte Carlo methods in finance.

With faster computing capability this computational constraint is less of a concern.